Inicio > Ginecología y Obstetricia > Tratamiento no farmacológico de las náuseas y vómitos en el embarazo > Página 2

Tratamiento no farmacológico de las náuseas y vómitos en el embarazo

Agradecimientos: Queremos agradecer a todas aquellas personas que han contribuido en el desarrollo de este artículo, tanto realizando la búsqueda en bases biomédicas, cómo analizando los artículos seleccionados y finalmente extrapolando los resultados tras la lectura de los mismos.

Tabla 1: Características del síndrome biopsicosocial de náuseas y vómitos del embarazo.

Síntomas físicos

Náusea, vómito, flatulencia, acidez estomacal, indigestión, pérdida de apetito, sed hipersalivación, estreñimiento, diarrea, ansiedad, aversiones alimentarias, cansancio, insomnio, dolores de cabeza, dolor de espalda, cuello.

Síntomas psicológicos

Estrés, ansiedad, miedo, agresividad, ira, resentimiento, culpa, auto-culpa, depresión, melancolía, miedo a la pérdida de control, reducción de la libido, sentirse incapaz de continuar con el embarazo.

Síntomas sociales

Dificultades en la relaciones sociales, dificultad para cuidar de la familia, dificultades laborales, necesidad de tomar tiempo libre de trabajo, problemas financieros que se derivan, reducción de la vida social.

Fuente: Tiran D. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an integrated approach to care. 1st ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.

Bibliografía:

  1. Asakura H, Watanabe S, Sekiguchi A, Power GG, Araki T. Severity of hypermesis gravidarum correlates with serum levels of reverse T3. Archives of gynaecology and obstetrics. 2000 Sept; 264(2): 57-62.
  2. Bedwal RS, Nair N, Sharma MP, Mathur RS. Selenium its biological perspectives. Medical hypotheses. 1993 Aug; 41(2): 150-159.
  3. Belluomini J, Litt RC, Lee KA, Katz M. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, blinded study. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1994 Aug; 84(2): 245-248.
  4. Black FO. Maternal susceptibility to nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: is the vestibular system involved? American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2002 May [acceso 20 Jul 2016]; 186(5): 204-209. Disponible en: http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(02)80019-9/pdf
  5. Buckwalter JG, Simpson SW. Psychological factors in the etiology and treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 210-214.
  6. Can Giirkan O, Arslan H. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2008 Feb; 14(1): 46-52
  7. Cardwell MS. Pregnancy sickness: a biopsychological perspective. Obstetrical and gynaecological survey. 2012 Oct; 67(10): 645-652.
  8. Cheong KB, Zhang JP, Huang Y, Zhang ZJ. The effectiveness of acupuncture in prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Dec [acceso 20 Mar 2016]; 8(12): 1-17. Disponible en: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082474&type=printable
  9. Chittumma P, Kaewkiattikun K, Wiriyasiriwach B. Comparison of the effectiveness of ginger and vitamin B6 for treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Journal of the medical association of Thailand. 2007 Jan; 90(1):15-20.
  10. Chou FH, Avant KC, Kuo SH, Fetzer SJ. Relationships between nausea and vomiting, perceived stress, social support, pregnancy planning, and psychosocial adaptation in a sample of mothers: a questionnaire survey. Internal journal of nursing studies. 2008 Aug [acceso 20 Mar 2016]; 45(8): 1185-1191. Disponible en: http://www.journalofnursingstudies.com/article/S0020-7489(07)00202-7/pdf
  11. Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women and birth. 2013 Mar [acceso 20 Mar 2016]; 26(1): 26-30. Disponible en: http://www.womenandbirth.org/article/S1871-5192(12)00045-5/pdf
  12. Dror DK, Allen LH. Interventions with vitamins B6, B12 and C in pregnancy. Paediatric adn perinatal epidemiology. 2012 Jul [acceso 20 Mar 2016]; 26(1): 55-74. Disponible en: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01277.x/epdf
  13. Dundee JW, Sourial FB, Ghaly RG, Bell PF. P6 acupressure reduces morning sickness. Journal of the royal society of medicine. 1988 Aug; 81(8): 456-457.
  14. Ensiyeh J, Sakineh MA. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery. 2009 Dec; 25(6): 649-653.
  15. Erdem A, Arslan M, Erdem M, Yildirim G, Himmetoglu O. Detection of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in hyperemesis. Americal journal of perinatology. 2002 Feb; 19(2): 87-92.
  16. Ernst E, Schmidt K. Health risks over the Internet: advice offered by “medical herbalists” to a pregnant woman gravidarum and correlation with symptoms. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift. 2002; 152(7-8): 190-192.
  17. Ezzo J, Streitberger K, Schneider A. Cochrane systematic reviews examine P6 acupuncture- point stimulation for nausea and vomiting. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine. 2006 Jun; 12(5): 489-495.
  18. Fejzo MS, Ingles SA, Wilson M, Wang W, MacGibbon K, Romero R, et al. High prevalence of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum among relatives of affected individuals. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology. 2008 Nov; 141(1): 13-17.
  19. Ferruggiari L, Ragione B, Rich ER, Lock K. The effect of aromatherapy on postoperative nausea in women undergoing surgical procedures. Journal of perianesthesia nursing. 2012 Aug; 27(4): 246-251.
  20. Fessler DM. Reproductive immunosupression and diet. An evolutionary perspective on pregnancy sickness and meat consumption. Current anthropology. 2002 Feb [acceso 10 May 2016]; 43(1): 19-61. Disponible en: http://www.danielmtfessler.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Fessler-2002-pregnancy-sickness-diet.pdf
  21. Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clinical evidence. 2014 Mar [acceso 10 May 2016]; 19. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3959188/
  22. Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. The quarterly review of biology. 2000 Jun; 75(2): 113-148.
  23. Golaszewski TM, Frigo P, Mark HE, Rattay F, Schaller A. Treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum by electrical stimulation of the vestibular system. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009 Jul [acceso 10 May 2016]; 18(3): 244-246. Disponible en: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/01674829709080694
  24. Golembiewski JA, O’Brien D. A systematic approach to the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Journal of perianesthesia nursing. 2002 Dec; 17(6): 364-376.
  25. Haji Seid Javadi E, Salehi F, Mashrabi O. Comparing the effectiveness of vitamin b6 and ginger in treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstetrics and gynecology international. 2013 Oct [acceso 10 May 2016]; 2. Disponible en: file:///C:/Users/PORTATIL%20ALBA/Downloads/927834.pdf
  26. Hall HG, Griffiths DL, McKenna LG. Keeping childbearing safe: midwives’ influence on women’s use of complementary and alternative medicine. Internal journal of nursing practice. 2013 Aug; 19(4): 437-443.
  27. Hall HG, Griffiths DL, McKenna LG. Complementary and alternative medicine in midwifery practice: managing the conflicts. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2012 Nov; 18(4): 246-251.
  28. Heimes K, Feistel B, Verspohl EJ. Impact of the 5-HT3 receptor channel system for insulin secretion and interaction of ginger extracts. European journal of pharmacology. 2009 Dec; 624(1-3): 58-65.
  29. Heitmann K, Nordeng H, Holst L. Safety of ginger use in pregnancy: results from a large population- based cohort study. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013 Feb; 69(2): 269-277.
  30. Jacobsgaard H. The pharmacists request that pregnant women consult physicians prior to GraviFrisk use. Ugeskrift for laeger. 2008 Mar; 170(10): 867.
  31. Kopp P. The TSH receptor and its role in thyroid disease. Cellular and molecular life sciences. 2001 Aug; 58(9): 1301-1322.
  32. Kramer J, Bowen A, Stewart N, Muhajarine N. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence, severity and relation to psychosocial health. The American journal of maternal child nursing. 2013 Jan-Feb; 38(1): 21-27.
  33. Kuga M, Ikeda M, Suzuki K, Takeuchi S. Changes in gustatory sense during pregnancy. Acta oto-laryngologyca supplementum. 2002; 546: 146-153.
  34. Lacroix R, Eason E, Melzack R. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a prospective study of its frequency, intensity and patterns of change. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2000 Apr; 182(4): 931-937.
  35. Madrid A, Giovannoli R, Wolfe M. Treating persistent nausea of pregnancy with hypnosis: four cases. Americal journal of clinical hypnosis. 2011 [acceso 10 May 2016]; 54(2): 107-115. Disponible en: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00029157.2011.605480
  36. Markose MT, Ramanathan K, Vijayakumar J. Reduction of nausea, vomiting, and dry retches with P6 acupressure during pregnancy. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics. 2004 May; 85(2): 168-169.
  37. Mayo L. A sound remedy? A new treatment for morning sickness? The practising midwife. 2001 Nov; 4(10):16-17
  38. Mohammadbeigi R, Shahgeibi S, Soufizadeh N, Rezaiie M, Farhadifar F. Comparing the effects of ginger and metoclopramide on the treatment of pregnancy nausea. Pakistan journal of biological sciences. 2011 Aug; 14(16): 817-820.
  39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. CG62 Antenatal Care: NICE Guideline. 2012 Oct [acceso 10 May 2016]. Disponible en: http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG62/NICEGuidance/ pdf/English (accessed 29 November 2016).
  40. Noroozinia H, Mahoori A, Hasani E, Gerami-Fahim M, Sepehrvand N. The effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta medica Iranica. 2013 Apr; 51(3): 163-167.
  41. Nursing and Midwifery Council. Standards for the Administration of Medicines Section 8. 2010 [acceso 10 May 2016]. Disponible en: www.nmc-uk. org/Documents/NMC-Publications/238747_NMC_ Standards_for_medicines_management.pdf (accessed 29 November 2016).
  42. Pasha H, Behmanesh F, Mohsenzadeh F, Hajahmadi M, Moghadamnia AA. Study of the effect of mint oil on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Iran red crescent medical journal. 2012 Nov; 14(11): 727-730.
  43. Patil CL, Abrams ET, Steinmetz AR, Young SL. Appetite sensations and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an overview of the explanations. Ecology of food and nutrition. 2012 [acceso 10 May 2016]; 51(5): 394-417. Disponible en: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03670244.2012.696010?scroll=top&needAccess=true
  44. Pongrojpaw D, Somprasit C, Chanthasenanont A. A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea & vomiting in pregnancy. Journal of the medical association of Thailand. 2007 Sep; 90(9): 1703-1709.
  45. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the medical association of Thailand. 2008 Nov; 91(11): 1633-1638.
  46. Saberi F, Sadat Z, Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M, Taebi M. Acupressure and ginger to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomized study. Iran red crescent medical journal. 2013 Sep; 15(9): 854-861.
  47. Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, Ingaszewski A, Kerr C. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Sep; 27(9): 1237-1247.
  48. Shin HS, Song YA, Seo S. Effect of Nei-Guan point (P6) acupressure on ketonuria levels, nausea and vomiting in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Journal of advanced nursing. 2007 Sep; 59(5): 510-519.
  49. Smith C. Ginger reduces severity of nausea in early pregnancy compared with vitamin B6, and the two treatments are similarly effective for reducing number of vomiting episodes. Evidence based nursing. 2010 Apr; 13(2): 40.
  50. Spolarich AE, Andrews L. An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. Journal of dental hygiene. 2007; 81(3): 67.
  51. Swallow BL, Lindow SW, Masson EA, Hay DM. Psychological health in early pregnancy: relationship with nausea and vomiting. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2004 Jan; 24(1): 28-32.
  52. Thomson M, Corbin R, Leung L. Effects of ginger for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a metaanalysis. Journal of the American board of family medicine. 2014 Jan-Feb; 27(1): 115-122.
  53. Tiran D. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an integrated approach to care. 1st Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
  54. Tiran D. Viewpoint midwives’ enthusiasm for complementary therapies: a cause for concern? Complementary therapies in nursing and midwifery. 2004 May; 10(2): 77-79.
  55. Tiran D, Budd S. Ginger is not a universal remedy for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest. 2005; 15(3): 335-339.
  56. Tiran D. Complementary therapies: time to regulate? The practising midwife. 2007 Mar; 10(3): 14-19
  57. Tiran D. Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2012 Feb; 18(1): 22-25.
  58. Ulbricht C, Chao W, Costa D, Rusie-Seamon E, Weissner W, Woods J. Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Current drug metabolism. 2008 Dec; 9(10): 1063-1120.
  59. Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy- associated nausea and vomiting. Nutrition journal. 2014 Mar; 13(1): 20.
  60. Werntoft E, Dykes AK. Effect of acupressure on nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. A randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study. The journal of reproductive medicine. 2001 Sep; 46(9): 835-839.
  61. Wibowo N, Purwosunu Y, Sekizawa A, Farina A, Tambunan V, Bardosono S. Vitamin B6 supplementation in pregnant women with nausea and vomiting. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics. 2012 Mar; 116(3): 206-210